{"id":46305,"date":"2025-01-24T01:40:50","date_gmt":"2025-01-24T01:40:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/goldman-lawyers.com\/?p=46305"},"modified":"2025-01-24T01:44:33","modified_gmt":"2025-01-24T01:44:33","slug":"family-court-upholds-an-appeal-that-children-were-habitually-resident-in-finland-and-should-be-returned","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/goldman-lawyers.com\/envirounment\/family-court-upholds-an-appeal-that-children-were-habitually-resident-in-finland-and-should-be-returned\/","title":{"rendered":"Family Court Upholds an Appeal That Children Were Habitually Resident in Finland and Should Be Returned"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"46305\" class=\"elementor elementor-46305\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-62d649e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"62d649e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1eda5c9\" data-id=\"1eda5c9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-479b3ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"479b3ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.9.0 - 06-12-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The case of <em>Commonwealth Central Authority &amp; Cavanaugh <\/em>[2015] FamCAFC 233 (11 December 2015) was an appeal brought by the Commonwealth Central Authority against the orders of Deputy Chief Justice Faulks (\u201ctrial judge\u201d) of the Family Court of Australia.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The trial judge had to determine whether children should be returned to Finland under international child abduction laws.\u00a0 The key question was whether the children were habitually resident in Finland or not.\u00a0 If they were, they would need to be returned to Finland, otherwise, they would remain in Australia.\u00a0 The trial judge found the children were not habitually resident in Finland.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>On appeal, the Court overturned the trial judge\u2019s decision and found the children were habitually resident in Finland and should be returned to Finland.<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66fbeee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"66fbeee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.9.0 - 06-12-2022 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Background<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0635d35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0635d35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The mother in this matter was a dual citizen of both Australia and Finland.\u00a0 The father was an Australian citizen.\u00a0 They had 3 children together between the ages of 14 and 8.\u00a0 The parties married in 1996 and moved to the United Kingdom and stayed there for 8 years.\u00a0 In 2002 they moved to Finland for two months and then from November 2002 they lived in Australia.\u00a0 On 16 June 2014 the family traveled to Finland to live for a year.\u00a0 In March 2015 they temporarily returned to Australia for a wedding.\u00a0 While in Australia the father and mother separated.\u00a0 The children stayed with the mother.\u00a0 The father took the children\u2019s passports and refused to let the children return to Finland.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d34a7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4d34a7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Opposing Applications for Child Recovery and Parental Responsibility of the Children<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50bf9b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"50bf9b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>On 31 March 2015, the father filed an application with the Federal Circuit Court of Australia to have the children placed on the Airport Watch List.\u00a0 Further, on 8 April 2015, the father sought a <em>recovery order<\/em> for the children and had the proceedings transferred to the Family Court of Australia.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, on 3 April 2015, the mother filed proceedings in the Helsinki District Court of Finland to have an order made in her favour for interim sole custody (parental responsibility) of the children.<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4eef84e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4eef84e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Return of Children to Finland<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-731e410 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"731e410\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Having received the mother\u2019s application for interim sole custody, the Finnish Authorities made a request on 12 May 2015 to the Commonwealth Central Authority for the children to be returned to Finland.\u00a0 The Commonwealth Central Authority brought proceedings against the father.\u00a0 The matter proceeded to trial for determination.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf448f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bf448f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Trial Proceedings<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-afdce59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"afdce59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>On 6 July 2015, the trial judge considered whether the children should be returned to Finland under The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (\u201cHague Child Abduction Convention\u201d).\u00a0 The Hague Child Abduction Convention applies in Australia through the <em>Family Law (Child Abduction Convention) Regulations 1986<\/em> (Cth) (\u201cChild Abduction Convention Regulations\u201d).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The primary consideration was\u00a0<em>regulation 16<\/em> of the Child Abduction Convention Regulations.\u00a0 This regulation provides that a <em>return order<\/em> can be made where the removal or retention of a child was wrongful, the child is 16 years of age, the parent has a right to custody and the child was habitually resident in a Hague Child Abduction Convention country immediately before removal.\u00a0In his deliberation, the trial judge found the parent\u2019s agreement to remain in Finland for 1 year amounted did not amount to habitual residence.\u00a0 As a result, the <em>return order<\/em> application failed.<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d698a88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d698a88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Appellate Proceedings<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da22b0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da22b0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The Commonwealth Central Authority appealed on three grounds being:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>the trial judge did not give sufficient weight to <em>regulation 1A(2)(a)<\/em> and <em>(b)<\/em> of the Child Abduction Convention Regulations;<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --> <!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>the trial judge gave:<!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true,\"start\":1} -->\n<ol start=\"1\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>too much weight to the absence of a settled common intention to live in Finland for more than 1 year; and<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --> <!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>too little weight to the settled common intention of the parents to remain in Finland for at least 1 year.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ol>\n<!-- \/wp:list --><\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --> <!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>the trial judge failed to take into account all of the circumstances of the parents and children\u2019s ties to Finland.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The Court determined that the primary consideration is whether the parents have a shared common intention that the children live in a particular place.\u00a0 After this, a broad-based inquiry of all other relevant circumstances should be made.\u00a0 The Court determined that the regulations favour a determination of habitual residence as opposed to a finding of no habitual residence.\u00a0 Where there is no finding of habitual residence then no child abduction protection exists under the Child Abduction Convention Regulations.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Based on this information the Court determined the grounds of appeal of the Commonwealth Central Authority as follows:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:list {\"ordered\":true} --><\/p>\n<ol><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>The trial judge gave too much weight to the absence of a settled common intention for the children to live in Finland. The Court considered that the children were in school in Finland, the mother was employed, the parents had established a residence, the children had relatives in Finland and the mother and father were receiving benefits from the central government including health benefits.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --> <!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>The trial judge made an error in his determination that a common settled intention to live in Finland for 1 year did not amount to habitual residence. A common intention to reside in a country for less than 12 months can amount to habitual residence.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --> <!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>The Court found that there was no evidence that the trial judge ignored the circumstances of the parent\u2019s and children\u2019s ties to Finland. The trial judge made a thorough investigation.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ol>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>As the Court found the first two grounds of the Appeal proven, it found that the children were habitually resident in Finland.\u00a0 As such <em>regulation 16<\/em> of the Child Abduction Convention Regulations applied and the <em>return order<\/em> for the children to be returned to Finland was granted.<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0d459d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e0d459d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-804dcc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"804dcc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>In this case, the parents and children left Australia to live in Finland for a year.\u00a0 They returned to Australia after 9 months for a wedding.\u00a0 After the parents separated while in Australia, the father refused to allow the children to return to Finland.\u00a0 The Finnish Authorities requested the children be returned to Finland under the Hague Child Abduction Convention.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The primary determination was under <em>regulation 16<\/em> of the Child Abduction Convention Regulations which requires that children be habitually resident in a country before they can be returned to that country.\u00a0 The primary consideration in answering these questions is whether the parents have or had a shared common intention to live in the country.\u00a0 Having considered this, the secondary consideration includes all other relevant matters that show ties to the country of claimed habitual residence.\u00a0 While a finding of no habitual residence can be made, Courts will prefer a finding that habitual residence does exist between country members to the Hague Child Abduction Convention; otherwise, no child abduction protection may be available.<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The case of Commonwealth Central Authority &amp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":46306,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[218],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-46305","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-family-law"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.14 - 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